Human‐caused mortality triggers pack instability in gray wolves

Transboundary movement of wildlife results in some the most complicated and unresolved management issues across globe. Depending on location managing agency, gray wolf (Canis lupus) US ranges from preservation to limited hunting population reduction. Most studies focus size growth rate inform management, but relatively few examine species biological processes at scales aside that population. This is especially important for group-living such as wolf, which breeding unit social group. We analyzed data packs living primarily within several National Park Service units (years data): Denali Preserve (33 years), Grand Teton (23 Voyageurs (12 Yellowstone (27 Yukon-Charley Rivers years). identified two differed – namely, pack persistence reproduction determined while human-caused mortality had negative effects both, a moderating effect impacts mortality.